The acceptance or rejection of classmates is one of the most widely recognized determinants of wellbeing in childhood. This study analyses psychosocial adjustment and sociometric status in primary education pupils, and possible differences by gender. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Huelva. The surveyed schools were selected using a stratified random sampling technique with both public and private elementary schools. Sample was composed of 247 4th grade students. Data revealed gender differences in psychosocial adjustment, particularly in terms of prosocial behavior (...) in girls and behavioral problems in boys. Popular and rejected statuses presented opposing adjustment profiles, particularly in hyperactive symptoms and behavioral problems. When the sample was separated by gender, the differences between the types of status in emotional symptomatology and prosocial behavior disappeared. In addition, the differences between statuses were greater in boys, and were defined mainly by hyperactivity, whilst for girls these differences were more apparent in behavioral problems. (shrink)

Este texto trata da possível relação entre Filosofia para Crianças e "desaparecimento" da Infância, buscando especialmente em Matthew Lipman e Neil Postman o aporte teórico para pensar o papel da Filosofia perante uma infância em "desaparecimento". Diante da complexidade da temática, não temos a intenção de alcançar respostas, e sim instigar maiores reflexões.

Este artigo analisa a concepção de esfera pública segundo o paradigma procedimental, associando-a à ideia de tolerância recíproca em Habermas, com intuito de compreender como os sujeitos podem se expressar e participar da construção dos sentidos do mundo. Também explora a arquitetura comunicativa da esfera pública sob o foco da práxis argumentativa, analisando os pressupostos pragmáticos que a rege. Ao interpretar essa dinâmica em consonância com a ideia de tolerância, Habermas entende que a liberdade de expressão na esfera pública é (...) atribuída a quem assume uma ética moralmente adequada. O objetivo central deste artigo é questionar a legitimidade desse condicionamento e propor o abandono da moldura do aceitável que circunscreve o poder de fala. (shrink)

A pesquisa apresenta aspectos sobre os desafios no ensino de filosofia em uma escola pública no estado de Alagoas. A metodologia classifica-se como qualitativa em relação a sua abordagem, quanto ao seu objetivo, como um estudo exploratório. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de duas etapas, sendo a primeira uma entrevista semiestruturada com a professora de filosofia da escola e na segunda etapa foram realizadas observações das aulas de filosofia em turmas do primeiro e terceiro ano do ensino médio. (...) Os resultados encontrados apontam que os problemas e as dificuldades apresentadas na pesquisa fazem parte de uma engrenagem social, no qual a classe dominante pensa e delimita a educação pública, de modo a manter seus interesses e privilégios. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um diálogo entre a literatura que perpassa a temática entre os filósofos Jürgen Habermas e Immanuel Kant, e suas contribuições para pensarmos o campo da Educação. Caracteriza-se por um estudo bibliográfico, fundamentado na análise e interpretação da temática proposta. Aponta-se algumas aproximações relevantes da perspectiva habermasiana e o pensamento kantiano, sobretudo no que diz respeito a conceitos básicos como emancipação e conhecimento, apropriando-se dos sentidos e interpretações discutidas nas obras bibliográficas elencadas. A partir do (...) diálogo exposto, compreende-se as contribuições dos pressupostos comunicativos no campo educacional, na área de formação continuada de profissionais da educação, conduzindo assim a uma justiça social expressa por processos de ensino-aprendizagem, garantindo o preparo de profissionais da educação fundamentada na concepção de um professor reflexivo, pesquisador e que aprende com o coletivo, visando o atendimento às necessidades de seus estudantes. (shrink)

A ética discursiva de Jurgen Habermas ressalta o compromisso da linguagem racional em um diálogo no qual o objetivo é a busca de um consenso comum. Na atual sociedade a inteligência artificial (IA) tem ganhado cada vez mais espaço, e no contexto educacional não é diferente. Diante disso, objetiva-se então compreender como os princípios habermasianos podem conduzir a prática das IAs, de maneira que possa promover um ensino inclusivo e equitativo para os alunos com autismo em sala de aula. Trata-se (...) de pesquisa qualitativa, com levantamento bibliográfico e a proposta de criação de um aplicativo considerando a ética discursiva de acordo com Habermas. Os resultados implicam que uma IA criada com base haremmasiana ajuda a tornar a sala de aula inclusiva para os alunos com o diagnóstico do autismo. Conclui-se então que a IA pode ser um instrumento promotor da inclusão se criado com este propósito e aplicado de maneira coerente para alunos com autismo. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Around 390 BC, Isocrates wrote a text dedicated to the mythical Helen, Encomium of Helen. According to the rhetorician, his objective was to praise that character, who was recognized in two of Homer’s main works, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Although the isocratic text has already been thoroughly studied, we believe that Discourse Analysis will provide a more in-depth view of the text and its argumentative strategies. Thus, our objective is to analyze how the argumentative construction of the Encomium (...) of Helen took place. From the analysis, it was possible to notice that discourses have different layers, that Isocrates uses Helen’s story as a foundation for his argumentation and that the rhetorician reproduces imaginaries of femininity and masculinity, although this was not an explicit objective. (shrink)

Language is a collaborative act: To communicate successfully, speakers must generate utterances that are not only semantically valid but also sensitive to the knowledge state of the listener. Such sensitivity could reflect the use of an “embedded listener model,” where speakers choose utterances on the basis of an internal model of the listener's conceptual and linguistic knowledge. In this study, we ask whether parents’ spatial descriptions incorporate an embedded listener model that reflects their children's understanding of spatial relations and spatial (...) terms. Adults described the positions of targets in spatial arrays to their children or to the adult experimenter. Arrays were designed so that targets could not be identified unless spatial relationships within the array were encoded and described. Parents of 3–4-year-old children encoded relationships in ways that were well-matched to their children's level of spatial language. These encodings differed from those of the same relationships in speech to the adult experimenter. In contrast, parents of individuals with severe spatial impairments did not show clear evidence of sensitivity to their children's level of spatial language. The results provide evidence for an embedded listener model in the domain of spatial language and indicate conditions under which the ability to model listener knowledge may be more challenging. (shrink)

O texto tem como objetivo discutir acerca de uma estratégia metodológica para análise de dados em estudos de pesquisa-ação fundamentada na teoria de Jürgen Habermas, denominada por Círculos Argumentativos. Concebe-se a pesquisa-ação para além de uma abordagem metodológica, que tem como pressupostos centrais a relação entre pesquisador e participante, e da ação para a mudança. Assim, a pesquisa-ação, em virtude de sua processualidade, necessita de um método de análise capaz de explorar, em conjunto com os autores-pesquisadores, os distintos movimentos do (...) fazer a pesquisa, tendo a ação como condutora desse processo. Dessa forma, a ação comunicativa de Habermas apresenta fundamentos teóricos que permitem essa construção, considerando os conceitos de pretensões de validade, argumento, entendimento mútuo e a busca por consensos provisórios. Assim os Círculos Argumentativos, concebidos como espaço de debate para que os enunciados do mundo social na pesquisa educacional sejam problematizados e as pretensões de validade sejam desafiadas, se organizam enquanto espaços de retomada dos momentos para escuta do outro, buscando o diálogo com os autores-pesquisadores seja por meio de argumentos escritos ou pelos argumentos ditos. As contribuições deste estudo apontam que os Círculos Argumentativos não apenas permitem uma análise crítica dos dados, como também, promovem a autorreflexão dos autores e atores envolvidos. Portanto, o processo comunicativo, centrado na racionalidade comunicativa, oferece uma via metodológica robusta para superar as limitações da racionalidade instrumental predominante na pesquisa científica, especialmente em áreas como a educação. (shrink)

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder treated with bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy with laronidase, a high-cost orphan drug. Laronidase was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency in 2003 and by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency in 2005. Many Brazilian MPS I patients have been receiving laronidase despite the absence of a governmental policy regulating access to the drug. Epidemiological and treatment data concerning MPS I (...) are scarce. This study aims to present a demographic profile of Brazilian patients with MPS I, describe the routes of access to laronidase in Brazil, and discuss associated ethical issues relating to public funding of orphan drugs. (shrink)

Progressive supranuclear palsy is a movement disorder with prominent tau neuropathology. Brain diseases with abnormal tau deposits are called tauopathies, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Environmental causes of tauopathies include repetitive head trauma associated with some sports. To identify common genetic variation contributing to risk for tauopathies, we carried out a genome-wide association study of 1,114 individuals with PSP and 3,247 controls followed by a second stage in which we genotyped 1,051 cases and 3,560 controls for the (...) stage 1 SNPs that yielded P ≤ 10-3. We found significant previously unidentified signals associated with PSP risk at STX6, EIF2AK3 and MOBP. We confirmed two independent variants in MAPT affecting risk for PSP, one of which influences MAPT brain expression. The genes implicated encode proteins for vesicle-membrane fusion at the Golgi-endosomal interface, for the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and for a myelin structural component. © 2011 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. (shrink)

A transferência de informação se estabelece em uma área de conhecimento muito extensa e envolve vários meios de comunicação. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo tem como objetivo conhecer os impactos no processo da transferência da informação no contexto da Ciência Aberta (CA). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva que utiliza-se como referencial teórico clássicos da Ciência da Informação para assim discutir características, aspectos e as repercussões ocasionadas pelo surgimento da Ciência Aberta. A pesquisa mostra que embora a transferência da informação seja (...) uma ação humana, no âmbito da CA, o foco é referente aos dados que geram a informação, em especial os dados científicos e/ou dados de pesquisa com a finalidade de torná-los abertos (dados digitais abertos). Assim, cria-se uma relação das etapas da transferência da informação destacadas por Shannon e Weaver (transmissor, canal, mensagem, receptor) com a perspectiva da Ciência Aberta, destacando os impactos políticos, sociais, econômicos e científicos. (shrink)

We explore the relationship between first language attrition and language dominance, defined here as the relative availability of each of a bilingual’s languages with respect to language processing. We assume that both processes might represent two stages of one and the same phenomenon ( Schmid and Köpke, 2017 ; Köpke, 2018 ). While many researchers agree that language dominance changes repeatedly over the lifespan (e.g., Silva-Corvalan and Treffers-Daller, 2015 ), little is known about the precise time scales involved in (...) dominance shifts and attrition. We investigate these time scales in a longitudinal case study of pronominal subject production by a near-native L2-German (semi-null subject and topic-drop but non-pro-drop) and L1-Bulgarian (pro-drop) bilingual speaker with 17 years of residence in Germany. This speaker’s spontaneous speech showed a significantly higher rate of overt pronominal subjects in her L1 than the controls’ rates when tested in Germany. After 3 weeks of L1-reexposure in Bulgaria, however, attrition effects disappeared and the overt subject rate fell within the monolinguals’ range ( Genevska-Hanke, 2017 ). The findings of this first investigation are now compared to those of a second investigation 5 years later, involving data collection in both countries with the result that after 17 years of immigration, no further attrition was attested and the production of overt subjects remained monolingual-like for the data collections in both language environments. The discussion focuses on the factors that are likely to explain these results. First, these show that attrition and language dominance are highly dependent on immediate language use context and change rapidly when the language environment is modified. Additionally, the data obtained after L1-reexposure illustrate that time scales involved in dominance shift or attrition are much shorter than previously thought. Second, the role of age of acquisition in attrition has repeatedly been acknowledged. The present study demonstrates that attrition of a highly entrenched L1 is a phenomenon affecting language processing only temporarily and that it is likely to regress quickly after reexposure or return to balanced L1-use. The discussion suggests that dominance shift and attrition probably involve similar mechanisms and are influenced by the same external factors, showing that both may be different steps of the same process. (shrink)

No capítulo primeiro de Esaú e Jacó, Machado de Assis faz referência à Pítia e recomenda a leitura de Ésquilo, destacando a peça trágica as Eumênides, a propósito da consulta que Natividade fará à adivinha Bárbara no Morro do Castelo. A expressão machadiana foi dada à estruturação das ansiedades humanas em saber o que será o amanhã. Se na Grécia antiga era a sorte, agora é um número de espera, e completa o Autor que se alcance a verdade nesta (...) nova perspectiva para que ninguém perca a sua vez de audiência (Capítulo I). Todos os oráculos têm o falar dobrado... (Capítulo II). (shrink)

The paper investigates the ethical decisions of Millennials, who are not only part of an expanding cohort of the workforce, but also represent potential future managers with a growing influence on work practices and employment relationships. In the conceptual model, we propose that three ethical frames of reference, represented by perceived organisational ethics, perceived employee ethics and reflective moral attentiveness, antecede ethical judgements, which further influence the ethical intentions of Millennials. Using structural equation modelling, we test the model for three (...) different business ethics scenarios: paying a consulting fee, dumping hazardous waste, and running an offensive advertising campaign. The findings confirm the link between ethical judgements and intentions across the board, while the influence of the ethical frames of reference varies among the scenarios. We propose that the differences in the predictive ability of the ethical frames of reference depend on the nature of the ethical issue, which holds important implications for today's managers in their attempts to encourage ethical behaviour of Millennial employees. (shrink)

This article looks for scanning the History of the Council of Trent emphatically in what concerns to the antecedents that went through its path and culminate in it. Under the key of an “Ecclesia semper reformanda” we look for understanding the internal reformations in the Church of that age not as private diligences to the Council's motion, as if the Council was the great awakener of a monolithic Church to the needs of an intrareformation, but, despite this, aiming the history (...) of the Council, often, in that time of crisis in Latin Church, at that context of the rise and expansion of Protestantism, it's possible to see, in Church's breast, a wish of ecclesiastical, pastoral and dogmatic reformation, renovation and updating that, ulteriorly, was already largely disseminated in practices and discussions of the Church even before the very Council. Indeed, we have discovered a movement of internal and previous reformation that converged to Trent and greatly influenced it, so we say that almost there was nothing new in the Council, any pastoral or dogmatic guideline exclusive and genuinely tridentine. Trent's just the apex, the vertex, so to speak, the crown of intrareformist movement within the Church as we shall show in our research, drawing Council's history from long before, unveiling what came previously about the discussions and directions taken. (shrink)

El envejecimiento saludable consiste en el fomento y mantención de una buena nutrición, actividad física, salud mental e integración social, sin embargo, el confinamiento asociado a la pandemia pudo obstaculizar estos procesos. Objetivo: conocer cuáles fueron las principales dificultades de las personas mayores para desarrollar envejecimiento saludable durante la pandemia por coronavirus. Método: revisión narrativa sobre el tema considerando las siguientes variables: estereotipos, salud mental, salud física y social de la persona mayor. Resultados: la pandemia, medido a través de las (...) variables estudiadas, impactó sobre el desarrollo del envejecimiento saludable, provocando aislamiento social y perdida de la actividad física debido a las cuarentenas. Conclusión: la pandemia ha significado un desafío para el envejecimiento saludable de las personas mayores, que debemos prontamente ser capaces de superar, aunando esfuerzos para disminuir los estigmas del grupo etario, que generaron un aislamiento forzado y mayor vulnerabilidad. (shrink)

Termos como desinformação, fake news e pós-verdade tornaram-se cada vez mais frequentes no dia a dia da sociedade. A Ciência da Informação, que investiga a produção, disseminação e outros fluxos de informação, passou a dar maior atenção a esses tópicos, especialmente após as eleições presidenciais no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo mapear as publicações na Base de Dados Referencial de Artigos de Periódicos em Ciência da Informação (Bracip), utilizando os termos fake news, desinformação e Ciência da Informação no período (...) de 2022 a 2023. Foram encontrados 33 artigos, que foram categorizados após a leitura dos resumos. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos estudos se concentra no combate à desinformação, abordando temas como competência em informação, competência crítica em informação e mediação, entre outros. (shrink)

Chronic and current epistemological controversies, with particular attention to the development of pragmatist/historicist/constructivist reconceptions of knowledge and science in the 20th century and the scandalized responses to them by defenders of more traditional rationalist/objectivist/realist conceptions. Individual chapters deal with complex and confused relations among epistemic skepticism, relativism, and constructivist epistemology ; 20th-century "postmodern" relativism and anti-relativism; Ludwik Fleck and constructivist views of truth, science, and knowledge; attacks on and disavowals of constructivism and/or relativism by established and feminist philosophers; the Science (...) Wars and fraught relations between the humanities and the sciences; the problematic claims of Evolutionary Psychology; and chronic problems and contemporary views of animal-human relations. (shrink)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to suggest a definition of genetic information by taking into account the debate surrounding it. Particularly, the objections raised by Developmental Systems Theory to Teleosemantic endorsements of the notion of genetic information as well as deflationist approaches which suggest to ascribe the notion of genetic information a heuristic value at most, and to reduce it to that of causality. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents the notion of genetic information through its historical evolution and analyses (...) it with the conceptual tools offered by philosophical theories of causation on one side and linguistics on the other. Findings The concept of genetic information is defined as a special kind of cause which causes something to be one way rather than another, by combining elementary units one way rather than another. Tested against the notion of “genetic error” this definition demonstrates to provide an exhaustive account of the common denominators associated with the notion of genetic information: causal specificity; combinatorial mechanism; arbitrariness. Originality/value The definition clarifies how the notion of information is understood when applied to genetic phenomena and also contributes to the debate on the notion of information, broadly meant, which is still affected by lack of consensus. (shrink)

This paper proposes an approach to narrative deixis which offers a coherent analysis of the respective roles of proximal and distal deictic expressions. The paper starts by arguing that fictional narratives require an approach to deixis which modifies a number of broadly held assumptions, especially as regards the interaction between tense and other deictic forms. It then considers the widely discussed instance of the temporal adverb now in the context of Past Tense. The second part of the paper gives special (...) focus to demonstratives in narrative fiction, showing their role in temporal construals. It argues that both temporal and demonstrative expressions are primarily used to serve narrative viewpoint construction. Examples from several novels are then used to show how the proximal and distal choices of demonstratives, temporal adverbs and locative adverbs structure narrative viewpoint, including narrative representation of character experience. The paper concludes by proposing that in the context of fictional narratives the proximal/distal contrast is more relevant to meaning emergence than individual aspects of deixis, and that the construal of time can be achieved through the whole spectrum of deictic forms, not just tense and temporal adverbs such as now and then. (shrink)

The first systematic collaboration between cognitive scientists and sports psychologists considers the mind–body relationship from the perspective of athletic skill and sports practice. This landmark work is the first systematic collaboration between cognitive scientists and sports psychologists that considers the mind–body relationship from the perspective of athletic skill and sports practice. With twenty-six chapters by leading researchers, the book connects and integrates findings from fields that range from philosophy of mind to sociology of sports. The chapters show not only that (...) sports can tell scientists how the human mind works but also that the scientific study of the human mind can help athletes succeed. Sports psychology research has always focused on the themes, notions, and models of embodied cognition; embodied cognition, in turn, has found striking confirmation of its theoretical claims in the psychological accounts of sports performance and athletic skill. Athletic skill is a legitimate form of intelligence, involving cognitive faculties no less sophisticated and complex than those required by mathematical problem solving. After presenting the key concepts necessary for applying embodied cognition to sports psychology, the book discusses skill disruption ; sensorimotor skill acquisition and how training correlates to the development of cognitive faculties; the intersubjective and social dimension of sports skills, seen in team sports; sports practice in cultural and societal contexts; the notion of “affordance” and its significance for ecological psychology and embodied cognition theory; and the mind's predictive capabilities, which enable anticipation, creativity, improvisation, and imagination in sports performance. Contributors Ana Maria Abreu, Kenneth Aggerholm, Salvatore Maria Aglioti, Jesús Ilundáin-Agurruza, Duarte Araújo, Jürgen Beckmann, Kath Bicknell, Geoffrey P. Bingham, Jens E. Birch, Gunnar Breivik, Noel E. Brick, Massimiliano L. Cappuccio, Thomas H. Carr, Alberto Cei, Anthony Chemero, Wayne Christensen, Lincoln J. Colling, Cassie Comley, Keith Davids, Matt Dicks, Caren Diehl, Karl Erickson, Anna Esposito, Pedro Tiago Esteves, Mirko Farina, Giolo Fele, Denis Francesconi, Shaun Gallagher, Gowrishankar Ganesh, Raúl Sánchez-García, Rob Gray, Denise M. Hill, Daniel D. Hutto, Tsuyoshi Ikegami, Geir Jordet, Adam Kiefer, Michael Kirchhoff, Kevin Krein, Kenneth Liberman, Tadhg E. MacIntyre, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, David L. Mann, Richard S. W. Masters, Patrick McGivern, Doris McIlwain, Michele Merritt, Christopher Mesagno, Vegard Fusche Moe, Barbara Gail Montero, Aidan P. Moran, David Moreau, Hiroki Nakamoto, Alberto Oliverio, David Papineau, Gert-Jan Pepping, Miriam Reiner, Ian Renshaw, Michael A. Riley, Zuzanna Rucinska, Lawrence Shapiro, Paula Silva, Shannon Spaulding, John Sutton, Phillip D. Tomporowski, John Toner, Andrew D. Wilson, Audrey Yap, Qin Zhu, Christopher Madan. (shrink)

An extended analysis and account of the psychological/social/cognitive dynamics of intellectual controversy. The immediate focus is the recurrent failure of intellectual engagement, in encounters having to do with with truth, knowledge, language, science, and/or objectivity, between, on the one hand, rationalist-realist-objectivist philosophers and/or those they have instructed and, on the other hand, constructivist-pragmatist ("postmodern") theorists and/or those persuaded by their critiques and/or alternative views. Individual chapters examine critiques and defenses of objectivist-rationalist views in law, politics, literary studies, ethics, communication theory, (...) and philosophy of science. Theorists whose views are discussed critically at some length include legal scholar Robin West and philosophers Jürgen Habermas, Karl-Otto Apel, and Philip Kitcher. (shrink)

Considerable ethics-related focus has been directed to the pharmaceutical industry’s relationship with physicians, in part because physicians have the only profession able to prescribe much of what the industry manufactures. In Alberta, however, pharmacists have recently been permitted to modify physician prescriptions for a patient and even to prescribe without physician involvement. This paper will examine how this change in responsibilities could change pharmacists’ relationships with the industry.

O presente trabalho é fruto de encontros com o Cinema, na Disciplina de Atividades Culturais, componente curricular do curso de formação de professores da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal Fluminense. O objetivo consistiu em produzir Experiências Estéticas com as imagens-movimento da linguagem cinematográfica, para além das usuais formas didatizantes e utilitaristas de exemplificar conteúdos disciplinares. Apostamos na potência das imagens-movimento se constituírem Imagens-afecção, dispositivo estético acionador de relações entre pensamento e linguagem, de modo a contribuir para uma pausa no (...) tempo, possibilitando tempo para olharmos, com mais cuidado, as condições existenciais históricamente constituídas no mundo contemporâneo. Enfim, foi através do cinema como dispositivo sócio analítico e recurso metodológico na formação de estudantes de graduação em licenciaturas, que resultou esse artigo. A produção escolhida é um longa metragem de animação cuja história se desvela sob o olhar de uma criança diante da descoberta de um mundo contaminado pelas adversidades produzidas pelo contexto capitalista. Como suporte teórico nos debruçamos em autores que analisam o modelo político e socioeconômico capitalista e seus efeitos sobre a condição humana. Através de O Menino e o mundo, aluna e professora, procuram travar conversações a respeito de suas concepções acerca do campo educacional, do mundo do trabalho, do consumismo e da alienação decorrente dos atuais modos de produção. Vale enfatizar que o artigo em si, é resultante da abordagem metodológica da disciplina. (shrink)